Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

 

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), is a sequence of characters according to a certain standard format, which is used to indicate the address of a source such as documents and images on the Internet.
URL is an innovative foundation for the development of Internet history.  URL was first coined by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 so that writers can refer to the documents link to Waring Wera Wanua or the World Wide Web. Since 1994, the concept has been developed into the term URL Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a more general nature. However, the term URL is still being used.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Indicated resource URL or Internet address of a web page (homepage) the page of a document or program you want to display or use. Generally need to enter three pieces of information to go to a certain address, is :

•      Protocol,

•      Server address,

•      File Path.

Section shows pertaman URL protocol such as http:// or https://. Mutual agreement protocol is used to communicate with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The second part shows the URL address of the server where the resource is located, for example www.microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation website. The third part is the URL that indicates the location of the file path and name of the document or program on the server, for example: kb/deskapp/word/q1974.html. where kb / deskapp / word / is the location of the file is the file name and q1974.html.

URL Type

There are two types of URLs that can be used, is :

• Absolute URL (URL Absolut), is a complete tool which includes a domain on the network right, in the domain directory, and the files in the directory.

• Relative URL (URL Relative), specify a URL based on the current address at the time.

The following is the syntax and type URL: service :/ / host: port / path / filename.extension (Absolute)

While the use of the URL with the tag are as follows:

     Absolute: <img src="http://www.facebook.com/Arhy/Image.gif">
     Relative: <img src="peta.gif">

Attack In The URL

URL is a mechanism to identify the sources on the web, SSL, or FTP server, including application layer protocol that made ​​the request (request) to the web server as an example URL http://www.coba.com/images/hardware/pda. html. The URL can be explained per section. Pda.html file is being requested by the HTTP protocol from a server named www.coba.com. Pda.html location within the site area is in the directory / images / hardware.
Another such example :

https://www.coba.com/order/buy.asp?itemA003&pmt=visa

Likely above URLs can be exploited hackers (hackers). The first allegation could be drawn from the name of the source, buy.asp. Extension. Asp indicates that this file is ASP. ASP files run exclusively on Microsoft's web server, the IIS. Thus likely www.coba.com runs on Windows NT/2000/XP.

Of its parameters, can be found again some clues. The first parameter, item = A003, indicating that the item being purchased is to get the item code and item details are stored in the database definitely / database.

About Web Site In ICT

About Web Site In ICT, web site is a web page that has interrelated topics, sometimes accompanied by the image files, video, or other file types. A web site is usually placed at least on a web server that can be accessed over a network such as the internet, or a local area network (LAN) via the internet addresses that are recognized as the URL. Combined over all publicly accessible sites on the internet also referred to as Waring Wera Wanua or better known by the acronym WWW. Although at least the general internet site's home page can be freely accessible to the public, in practice not all sites provide freedom for the public to access, some web sites require visitors to register as members, or even ask for the payment may be aggota to be able to access the contents contained available on the website, for example, the websites featuring pornography, news websites, e-mail services (e-mail), and others. These restrictions generally done for reasons of security, respect for privacy, or for certain commercial purposes.

A web page is a file that is written as a plain text file (plain text) are arranged and combined in such a way with HTML-based instructions, or XHTML, is sometimes also inserted with a bit of scripting languages​​. The file is then translated by a web browser and displayed like a page on a computer monitor.

The web pages are accessed by users via a network communications protocol called HTTP, in addition to improving the safety and privacy aspects better, the website can also implement a mechanism of accessing through HTTPS protocol.

The History About web Site

Inventors website was Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, while the web site that is connected to the network first emerged in 1991. The purpose of the team when designing a website is to facilitate the exchange and update information on a fellow researcher at the place he worked. On 30 April 1993, CERN (the place where Tim worked) announces that the WWW can be used for free by the public.

A website may be the work of an individual or individuals, or shows ownership of an organization, company. usually discussed in a website or some reference to a specific topic, or a particular interest. A web site may contain links that connect to other web sites, demkian well as other websites. This sometimes makes the difference between a website made by an individual or individuals with a website created by a business organization is not so clear.

Web sites are usually placed on a web server. A web server generally has been equipped with a device-specific software to handle the domain name settings, as well as the service handles the HTTP protocol called HTTP server such as Apache HTTP Server or Internet Information Services (IIS).

In The web site there are Static Web site and dynamic Web site

Static website is a website that has content is not intended to be updated periodically so that the settings or update the content on the website is done manually. There are three types of devices commonly used utilities in setting a static website:

• The text editor is a utility tool used for editing the web page, for example: Notepad or Edit text.

• WYSIWYG editor, is a software utility web page editor that comes with a graphical user interface in the design and pendisainannya, file web page lengsung generally not edited by the user but this utility will create it automatically based on work pages created by users. This software eg Microsoft Frontpage,  Macromedia Dreamweaver.

• Template based editors, such as Rapidweaver some utilities and Web, users can easily create a website without having to know HTML language, but to edit web pages like a regular page, the user can select the template that will be used by the utility to edit files created users and make web page automatically.

Dynamic websites is websites that are specifically designed so that the content contained in the website can be updated periodically with ease. As the name implies, the content contained within this web site will generally be changed after passing through a specified period. The news is just one example of the type of site that generally implements a dynamic web site.

Unlike static websites, dynamic websites implementation generally requires the presence of infrastructure is more complex than a static website. This is because the dynamic web sites are generally new web page will be created when there are users who access it, unlike a static website that generally has established a number of web pages when uploaded on the web server so that when users access the web server just give the page without the need made first.

To enable the web server when creating web pages users access, generally on a web server equipped with machine language translation scripts (PHP, ASP, ColdFusion, or other), as well as software such as relational database management system MySQL.

The file structure of a dynamic web site is generally different from the static web site, the files for static websites is generally a set of files that make up a website. Unlike the case with dynamic web sites, files for dynamic web site is generally a set of files that make up the web application software that will be executed by the web server machine translator, serves as managing web pages making the page requested by the user.

Hypertxt Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer network protocols used for distributed information systems, collaborative, and using hypermedia. Its use in making a lot of resources that are connected by links, called hypertext documents, which later formed the World Wide Web in 1990 by British physicist, Tim Berners-Lee. Up to now, there are two major versions of the HTTP protocol, ie HTTP/1.0 which uses a separate connection for each document, and HTTP/1.1 that can use the same connection to perform the transaction. Thus, HTTP/1.1 can be much faster because it does not have to waste time making repeated connections.

HTTP standards development has been carried out by the World Wide Web Consortium (World Wide Web Consortium/W3C) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which led to the publication of several documents Request for Comments (RFC), and is the most widely referenced RFC 2616 ( published in June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1.

Support for HTTP/1.1 is not passed, at which time the RFC 2068, it was quickly adopted by many Web developers explorers beginning in 1996. As of March 1996, which has not been ratified HTTP/1.1 was supported by Netscape 2.0, Netscape Navigator Gold 2:01, Mosaic 2.7, Lynx 2.5, and in Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0. Adoption by end users was also fast Web browser. In March 2006, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of Web browser used on the Internet is a web browser that supports HTTP/1.1. [1] The same company also reported that as of June 1996, 65% of all the explorers who access their servers is a Web browser that supports HTTP/1.1. HTTP/1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997. Improvement and renewal of the HTTP/1.1 standard RFC 2616 document released by June 1999.

HTTP protocol is a request / reply between the client and the server. An HTTP client (like a web browser or robots, etc.), usually start with a request to make connections to a specific port on a specific Webhosting server (usually port 80). Client sends an HTTP request is also known by the user agent. The server to respond, which saves resources such as HTML files and images, also known as the origin server. In between the user agent and the origin server, there may be a link, as a proxy, gateway, and tunnel.

HTTP is not limited to use with TCP / IP, although HTTP is one application protocol TCP / IP the most popular over the Internet. Indeed HTTP can be implemented on top of the other protocols in the Internet or over other networks. as mentioned in the "implemented a on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks.", but the HTTP protocol requires a reliable transport layer. Other protocols that provide services and security as it can also be used.

Request Metode For HTTP

Nine sets HTTP method (sometimes referred to as "verbs") indicating the action you want performed on unidentified sources. It is represented by this source, in the form of existing data or data that is created dynamically, depending on the implementation of the waiter. This source is usually associated with the file or the output from executing files residing on server.

HEAD
     Asking for responses that are identical to the corresponding responses to the GET request, but without the response body. This is useful for accessing meta information is written in response to the head without the need to transport the entire content.
GET
     Requested certain representations sources. Requests using GET (and a few other HTTP methods) "should not have the benefit of taking action in addition to accessing". W3C has published a guide to the principles of this difference by saying, "Web application design should comply with the principles above, and similar restrictions".
POST
     Transmit the data to be processed (eg, from an HTML form) to the identified resource. The data included in the request body. This can result in the formation of a new source or update an existing source or both.
PUT
     Uploading a particular source of representations.
DELETE
     Remove a specific source.
TRACE
     Echo back the received request, so that the client can see the changes or additions made by the waiter intermediaries.
OPTIONS
     Returns the HTTP methods supported waiter for a particular URL. This can be used to check the functionality of the web waiter asks  rather than a specific source functionality.
CONNECT
     Exchange tunnel connection requests with TCP / IP transparent, usually to facilitate SSL-encrypted communication (HTTPS) through an HTTP proxy is not encrypted.
PATCH
     Apply partial modifications to the source.

HTTP waiter asked to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods and, if possible, the methods OPTIONS.

Interconnected Networking (Internet)

Internet (interconnection-networking) is all Global system interconnected computer networks that use the global system standard Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Suite (TCP / IP) as the packet exchange protocol (packet switching communication protocol) to serve billions of users in world around .in the biggest interconnected nerworking (internet) called the Internet. How to connect a series with this rule is called internetworking ("between networks").

The History Of Interconneted Networking

The Internet is a computer network established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), where they demonstrated how the hardware and software are UNIX-based computers, we can make communication within the infinity through the telephone line. ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be transferred, and finally all the standards that they set into the embryo development of new protocols that are now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

The initial goal of the project is built for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) create a system of distributed computer network by connecting the computer in areas vital to tackle the problem in case of a nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in the event of war can easily be destroyed.

At first ARPANET only 4 sites linking only the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly across the region, and all universities in the country wants to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.

Therefore ARPANET split widened two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes, such as universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.

Interconnected Networking at This time

Inteconnected networking maintained by bilateral or multilateral agreements and technical specifications (protocol which describes the data transfer between the circuit). These protocols established by the Internet Engineering Task Force discussions (IETF), which is open to the public. The agency issued the documents that are recognized as RFC (Request for Comments). Some RFCs are Internet standards (Internet Standard), by the Internet Architecture Board (Internet Architecture Board - IAB). Internet protocols are commonly used are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, and SSL.

Some popular services on the Internet using the above protocol, is an email / electronic mail, Usenet, Newsgroups, share files (File Sharing), WWW (World Wide Web), Gopher, session access (Session Access), WAIS, finger, IRC, MUD and MUSH. Among all of these, email / electronic mail and the World Wide Web is more often used, and many other services are built upon them, such a mailing list (Mailing List) and Weblog. Internet allows the current service (Real-time service), such as web radio, and webcast, which can be accessed around the world. Also through the Internet it is possible to communicate directly between two or more users through instant messenger programs such as Camfrog, Pidgin (Gaim), Trilian, Kopete, Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger Windows Live Messenger, Twitter, Facebook and so forth.

Interconnected Culture

A large number of Internet users and growing, has embodied the Internet culture. Internet also has a great influence on science, and world view. With only to take search engines like Google, users worldwide have easy Internet access on a variety of information. Compared with books and libraries, the Internet represents a (Decentralization) / knowledge (knowledge) and data information to extremes.

Development of the Internet has also influenced economic development. Various sale and purchase transactions that previously could only be done by face-to-face (and some very small by mail or telephone), is now extremely easy and often done via the Internet. Transactions over the Internet is known as e-commerce.

Associated with the government, the Internet also fueled the growth of government transparency through the implementation of e-government as Sragen which was successfully deliver increased local revenue by leveraging the Internet for transparency in the management of public funds and cuts through the red tape, so that the residents in the area on the stretcher so profitable as the civil servants can also be improved kesejahterannya because revenue local increased sharply.

Defenition of World Wide Web (WWW)

World Wide Web, commonly abbreviated as WWW is a more famous an information space that is used by global identifiers called Uniform Resource Identifiers for resources useful to know for sure. WWW is often considered to be the same as the Internet as a whole, even though it is just a part rather than the Internet.

WWW is a collection of web servant from around the world that have utility to provide data and information to be used together. WWW is the most exciting part of the Internet. Through the web, users can access information that is not only a text but can also include images, sound, video and animation.

This usefulness is still relatively new compared to electronic mail, WWW actually a collection of documents stored on server web, and that peladennya on five continents including Indonesia, which is connected to the network via the Internet. The documents of this information is stored or created by format HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

One page of the document consists of text information can be interlinked with other text or even to other documents. The linkage through pages of text is called link. This information document is not only composed of text, but can also include images, sounds and even contains a video clip. inter-linkages such documents called hypermedia.

So it can be concluded that the WWW is a group of multimedia documents that are interlocked by using a hypertext link. By clicking a link (hyperlink), then the user can move from one document to another document.

Information And Communication Technologies Of History

Information And Communication Technologies Of History

There are a few milestones of technological development significantly contribute to the development of ICT Untill now. First, the findings of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875. The findings are then developed into communication with the wired network provision covering the entire continent of America, even then followed by the installation of transatlantic communications cable.  

The telephone network is a massive infrastructure built first humans to global communication. Entering the 20th century, precisely between the years 1910 to 1920, realized a wireless voice transmission through the first AM radio broadcasts. Wireless voice communications is growing rapidly too soon. Then followed by an audio-visual transmission without wires, in the form of television broadcasts in the 1940s. The first operational electronic computer in 1943. Then followed by a stage of miniaturization of electronic components through the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit (integrated electronics) in 1957. The development of electronic technology, which is the forerunner of the current ICT, get golden moments in the Cold War era. Science and technology competition between the Western bloc (United States) and Eastern Bloc (former Soviet Union) actually spur the development of electronic technology through the efforts of miniaturization of electronic circuits for controlling spacecraft and the machines of war. Miniaturization of electronic components, through the creation of an integrated circuit, the microprocessor birth peak. Microprocessor that is the 'brain' of the computer hardware and continues to evolve to this day. Telecommunications equipment rapidly expanding digital technology replaces analog technology into use. Analog technology begun to show the limits of the maximum pengeksplorasiannya. Digitalization of telecommunications equipment and then converging with computer equipment from the beginning is a device which adopt digital technology. This convergence products that currently appear in the form of mobile phones. In the telecommunications and computing infrastructure is the content of the content (content) in the form of multimedia to get the right place to thrive. Convergence of telecommunications - is multimedia computing that characterizes the 21st century, as the 18th century is characterized by the industrial revolution. When the industrial revolution made the machines instead of 'muscle' man, the digital revolution (due to the convergence of telecommunications - multimedia computing occurs through the implementation of digital technology) creates machines that replace (or at least improve) the 'brains' man.

Defenition of Information And Communication Technologies (ICT)

Information and communication Technologies (ITC) is a big umbrella term that covers all the technical equipment to process and communicate information. ICT covers two aspects of information technology and communication technology. Information technology encompasses all matters relating to the processing, use as a tool, manipulation, and management of information. While communication technology is everything associated with the use of tools to process and transfer data from one device to another. Therefore, the information technology and communication technology are two inseparable concepts. So the Information and Communication Technology contains the broadest sense any activity related to the processing, manipulation, management, transfer of information among media. The term ICT emerged after the combination of computer technology (both hardware and software) and communications technology in the mid-20th century. The combination of both technologies are rapidly evolving beyond other technology areas. Until the beginning of the 21st century ICT continue to experience a variety of changes and have not seen the point of saturation.

ITC definition according to the experts

• Haag & Keen, 1996, Information and Communication Thencnologies  is a set of tools in that to help you work with information and perform tasks related to information processing.
• Martin, 1999, Information technology is not just limited to computer technology (software and hardware) used to process or store information, but also includes communication technology to transmit information.
• Oxford dictionary, 1995, Information technology is the study or electronic equipment, especially computers, to store, analyze, and distribute any information, including words, numbers, and pictures.
• Lucas, 2000, Information technology is any technology that is applied to process and transmit information in form electronic. 
• William & Sawyer, 2003, Information technology is a technology that combines computing (computers) with a high-speed communication lines that carry data, voice, and video.