Email (Electronic Mail)

Email (Electronic Mail) is a means of sending a letter sent through a computer network (eg Internet). By regular mail senders usually need to pay per delivery (by buying stamps), but electronic mail is generally the cost is the cost to pay for the Internet connection. But there are exceptions such as electronic mail to cell phones, sometimes payment is billed per delivery.

Email History

Email (Electronic mail) has started to be used in the 1960's. At that time the Internet has not been established, there is only a collection of 'mainframe' is formed as a network. Beginning in the 1980s, electronic mail can be enjoyed by the general public. Nowadays many companies heading in different countries due to decreased income communities are not using postal services anymore.

Ratel anatomy, for example:

     Dheniez_007@Yahoo.Com

Description:

• My Email : mailbox name (mailbox) or user name (username) you want to target in the mailserver.
• Makassar.vibriel.net.id : mailserver name where the intended users, the details is :

1. Makassar : subdomain (owned by the holder of the domain name), typically refers to a computer within the domain owner.
2. vibriel : domain name, usually indicates the name of the company / organization / individual (Vibriel)
3. net : second-level domain, indicating that this domain including networking category (net)
4. id : top level domain, indicating that this domain is registered in the domain authority of Indonesia (id)

Method Of Delivery

To send an e-mail we require a mail-client program. Electronic mail that we send will go through a few points before arriving at the destination. For more details see Aaya dog → Internet → POP3 e-mail server provider → recipient e-mail client (on the computer of the recipient) → read the letter recipient.

Visible electronic mail sent only through 5 points (other than the sending computer and receiving). Actually more than that because after leaving the POP3 mail server then it will go through a lot of other servers. There is a possibility that we send electronic mail intercepted others. Therefore when we send e-mails containing sensitive content we should take precautions, to randomize (encrypt) data in the electronic mail (eg using PGP, digital certificates, etc.)

 Ethical use of electronic mail

Ethics in electronic mail with ethics in ordinary writing. There is a formal contents of electronic mail that there are informal. Some important points:

• Do not send electronic mail with attachment (attachment) that is too large (more than 512 kB). Not everyone has fast Internet access, and there is the possibility of the attachment exceeds the capacity of receiving electronic mail, so the recipient mail server will be rejected. In addition, note also that some e-mail providers also apply restrictions on the quantity, type, and size of electronic mail can be received (and sent) users,
• Do not send up (forward) without thinking usability of electronic mail to the intended person.
• Always fill in the subject, do not be left blank.
• In citing the writings of others, always try to quote as needed, do not be so easily that people quote the whole article:

1. In reply electronic mail of others, major parts of which we respond to it, in addition to more clearly also does not take / ration access receiver,
2. writing in the third person quote, remember copyright: quote as little as possible and refer to the original article.

• Do not use all capital letters because it can give the impression you are SHOUTING.
• Use polite words. Sometimes we write something different will be impressed with what we really mean.

 

How To Read Email (electronic Mail)

Electronic mail was originally stored in a mailserver. Usually when someone wears ISP connection for connection to the internet, he will be given a free electronic mail. Electronic mail received will be stored in the ISP mail server.

There are two ways to access electronic mail:

• By using a web browser, such as Mozilla Firefox. This method is referred to as a web-based, meaning that we use the web as an intermediary media to electronic mailboxes. Example: Yahoo! Mail and Gmail. To use it, users must be online. Web-based email service is usually provided by a free email service.
• The access program using electronic mail (e-mail client), such as: Eudora Mail, Outlook Express, Windows Mail, Mozilla Thunderbird, Mutt. By using a program such as this, one must know the configuration that can be obtained from the ISP. The advantage is that it can read e-mail without the need to be constantly connected to the internet and dozens of e-mails can be sent and received simultaneously at once. Other advantages are that this software provides editing functions and reading email offline. Thus the cost of connection to the internet can be saved.

ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network)

 

ARPAnet (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network)

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) is a computer network made ​​by ARPA (Advanced Research Project Agency) of the America Department of Defense in 1969.

ARPANET functioned as a means of trial latest computer network technology of his day, such as packet switching technology and into the beginning of the establishment of the current Internet.

Network Control Protocol (NCP) is the first standard network protocols on the ARPANET. NCP perfected and launched in December 1990 by the Network Working Group (NWG) led by Steve Crocker, who is also the inventor of Request for Comments.

ARPANET History

In 1957 the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD - Department of Defense) formed ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) in response to the launch of the Soviet Sputnik. ARPA charge of improving technological capabilities that can be utilized by the military. ARPA actually do not have expert knowledge or laboratory. Owned only a small office and budget (for standard Pentagon) alone. ARPA carry out their duties to provide assistance and perform contracts with universities and companies that have ideas that are considered promising for its operations.

In the mid 1960s, the height of the Cold War, DoD would like to have a command and control network that can defend itself in the event of nuclear war. Traditional telephone networks are considered unsafe. Because if one path is lost, then this may result in the cessation of all conversations that use the network or even the only use part of the network suddenly. To resolve this issue change the direction of DoD research, ARPA.

In cooperation with several universities, ARPA decided that the required DoD network is packet-switching form consisting of a subnet and host computers. In December 1968, the ARPA gave the contract to BBN, a consulting firm in Cambridge, Massachusetts to build the network and make the supporting software.

Although there are flaws in the software problems, in December 1969 successfully launched an experimental network connecting the four vertices are UCLA, UCSB, SRI and Utah University. The fourth node does have various contracts with ARPA, and each node has a host computer that is completely different and incompatible with each other. ARPANET network is growing rapidly soon covers the whole of the U.S. in its first three years.

In addition to helping the growth of the ARPANET is still premature, ARPA also funded research satellite network and mobile packet radio networks. These experiments also showed that the ARPANET protocols that have been there do not suitable to operate on multiple networks. These observations are encouraging more and more research on protocols, culminating in the discovery of the model and the TCP / IP protocol. TCP / IP is specifically designed to handle communication through the internetwork, something that is becoming increasingly important as more networks and LANs that are connected to the ARPANET.

To encourage the use of these new protocols, ARPA entered into several contracts with BBN and the University of California at Berkeley to integrate these protocols into Berkeley UNIX. Researchers at Berkeley developed a program interface (interface) to the network (socket) that makes it easy and write some utility programs, applications and network management to make the system easier to operate.

In 1983, the ARPANET has a large network and it can be considered stable and successful. Until this situation, ARPA network management handed over to the Defense Communications Agency (DCA) to run the ARPANET as an operational network. DCA first thing to do is separate the military network into separate subnets, MILNET, gateway-gateway which has a very strict distinction between MILNET with the rest of the subnet other research.

During the 1980s, additional networks, especially LANs, the more that is connected to the ARPANET. In line with the increased breadth of the network, host-even more expensive. Because the DNS (Domain Naming System) was formed to organize machines into domain-specific and domain mapping host names into IP addresses. Since then, the DNS be generalized systems and distributed databases to store a variety of information related to naming.

In 1990, ARPANET had been composed by the new networks, which is actually born by the ARPANET. After the ARPANET ceased operations and dismantled. Until now, MILNET still operating.

 

ARPAnet History

Softwere And Protocol

 

The starting point for host-to-host communication on the ARPANET in 1969 was the 1822 protocol, which defined the transmission of messages to an IMP. The message format was designed to work unambiguously with a broad range of computer architectures. An 1822 message essentially consisted of a message type, a numeric host address, and a data field. To send a data message to another host, the transmitting host formatted a data message containing the destination host's address and the data message being sent, and then transmitted the message through the 1822 hardware interface. The IMP then delivered the message to its destination address, either by delivering it to a locally connected host, or by delivering it to another IMP. When the message was ultimately delivered to the destination host, the receiving IMP would transmit a Ready for Next Message (RFNM) acknowledgement to the sending, host IMP.

Unlike modern Internet datagrams, the ARPANET was designed to reliably transmit 1822 messages, and to inform the host computer when it loses a message; the contemporary IP is unreliable, whereas the TCP is reliable. Nonetheless, the 1822 protocol proved inadequate for handling multiple connections among different applications residing in a host computer. This problem was addressed with the Network Control Program (NCP), which provided a standard method to establish reliable, flow-controlled, bidirectional communications links among different processes in different host computers. The NCP interface allowed application software to connect across the ARPANET by implementing higher-level communication protocols, an early example of the protocol layering concept incorporated to the OSI model.

In 1983, TCP/IP protocols replaced NCP as the ARPANET's principal protocol, and the ARPANET then became one component of the early Internet.

Network applications

NCP provided a standard set of network services that could be shared by several applications running on a single host computer. This led to the evolution of application protocols that operated, more or less, independently of the underlying network service. When the ARPANET migrated to the Internet protocols in 1983, the major application protocols migrated with it.

• E-mail: In 1971, Ray Tomlinson, of BBN sent the first network e-mail (RFC 524, RFC 561). By 1973, e-mail constituted 75 percent of ARPANET traffic.

• File transfer: By 1973, the File Transfer Protocol (FTP) specification had been defined (RFC 354) and implemented, enabling file transfers over the ARPANET.

Voice traffic: The Network Voice Protocol (NVP) specifications were defined in 1977 (RFC 741), then implemented, but, because of technical shortcomings, conference calls over the ARPANET never worked well; the contemporary Voice over Internet Protocol (packet voice) was decades away.

The Terms in the Internet

The Terms in the Internet For those of you who are new to the Internet, of course, a lot of terms that you may come across and read the still unfamiliar to you. Well, in order to make it easier for you to learn, presented the following list of terms that will often encounter if you're surf-ria. Mandatory to know in order to become more aware and do not miss the info on the internet about the world. Especially for those of you who want to deepen their knowledge in the field on this one and wanted to jump in it. Hopefully useful for you all. Please be listened to.

• ADN (Advanced Digital Network) - Usually refers to a 56Kbps speed leased lines.

• ADSL (Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line) - A type of DSL where the upstream and downstream runs at different speeds. In this case, the downstream is usually higher. A common configuration allows up to 1.544 mbps downstream (megabits per second) and 128 kbps (kilobits per second) upstream. In theory, ASDL can serve speeds up to 9 Mbps downstream and 540 kbps upstream.

• Anonymous FTP - FTP site that can be accessed without having to have a specific login. Standard rules in Anonymous FTP access is by entering "Anonymous" in the Username field and your email address as the password.

• ARPANet - Advanced Research Projects Agency Network. Network that became the forerunner of the formation of the Internet. Built in the late 60s to the early decades of the 70's by the U.S. Department of Defense as an experiment to establish a large-scale network (WAN) that connects computers in different locations with different systems, but can also be accessed as a unit to be able to mutually utilize each resource.

• ASCII - American Standard Code for Information Interchange. Standards that apply throughout the world for a code number that represents the characters, either letters, numbers, and symbols used by the computer. There are 128 standard ASCII characters, each represented by a seven-digit binary numbers ranging from 0000000 to 1111111.

• ASP (Active Server Pages) - is a specification for making dynamic Web pages using ActiveX script. When the browser opens an ASP page, the Web server creating a page with HTML code and then sends it to the browser.

• Backbone - a high-speed line or series of connections that a major pathway within a network.

• Bandwidth - The amount that indicates the number of data that can be passed in a channel of communication in the network in a given time unit.

• Binary - Binary. Information that is entirely composed of 0 and 1. The term usually refers to non-formatted text files, as well as graphics files.

• Bit - Binary Digit. The smallest unit in computing, consisting of a magnitude that has a value between 0 or 1.

• Blog - services on the web that is used to write a journal which is usually updated every day. Blogs are usually used free of charge. But some are paid. Through the blog, we can post our writings about various topics that make us interesting to be read by the public. Activity update the information in the blog is called blogging, while the blog owner is called a blogger.

• bps - Bits Per Seconds. Measure that states how fast data is moved from one place to another.

• Broadband - channel data transmission at high speeds and greater bandwidth capacity than conventional phone lines.

• Browser - is the abbreviation for the term Web Browser. A browser is a program used to access the World Wide Web (or the Internet), and other facilities. Currently there are a number of popular browsers, like Internet Explorer, Netscape Navigator, Opera, and Mozilla, etc..

• Byte - A set of bits that represent a single character. Usually 1 byte will consist of 8 bits, but it could be more, depending on the amount used.

• CGI - Common Gateway Interface. Set of rules that direct how a web server communicates with most software on the same machine, and how some of the software (CGI program) communicates with the web server. Any software can be a CGI program if the software can handle input and output based on a standard CGI.

• cgi-bin - common name used for the directory on the web server where CGI programs are stored.

• Chat - chat can be interpreted as the chatter, but in the Internet world, this term refers to the communication between the members of the Internet users who are on-line. Communication can be text, voice (voice chat) using the headset, and visual (video call) using Web Cam (camera).

• DNS - Domain Name Service. A service on the Internet for a network using TCP / IP. This service is used to identify a computer by name instead of using the IP address (IP address). In short DNS to convert from names to numbers. DNS are decentralized, with each area or level of organization has its own domain. Each providing DNS service for managed domain. A database system that allows TCP / IP applications to translate host names into a single IP address. DNS (Domain Name Service) is a service on the Internet for a network that uses TCP / IP. This service is used to identify a computer by using numbers instead of names (Internet addresses). Computers on the Internet is identified by a number, ie IP numbers. For example, a computer has an IP number 192.168.1.1 {}. Computers easier to work with numbers, while humans more easily remember the name. Computer in this example can be named {Gareng}, for example. In short DNS names to make the conversion from angka.DNS are decentralized, with each area or level of organization has its own domain. Each providing DNS service for managed domain. To find the IP address of a machine (computer) on the Internet can be used several programs.

• DSL - Digital Subscriber Line. A method of data transfer over regular phone lines. DSL circuit is configured to connect two specific locations, such as in connection Leased Line (DSL different from the Leased Line). Connections via DSL is much faster than the connections over regular phone lines even though they both use copper wires. Configuration allows the upstream and downstream DSL running at different speeds (see ASDL) and the same speed (see SDSL). DSL offers a cheaper alternative compared to ISDN.

• Domain - In the world of internet or web, domain is the name used to identify a computer address.

• Download - The term for the activities of copying the data (usually a file) from a computer that is connected in a network to a local computer. In other words, the transfer of data via the digital communication of a larger system or central (host or server) to a smaller system (client). The download process is the opposite of upload.

• Downstream - The term that refers to the speed of the flow of data from another computer to a local computer via a network. This term is the opposite of the upstream.

• E-coomerce (electronic commerce) is a business transaction carried out with the help of online computer networks. The transaction is the seller and the purchase of goods and services as well as payments made through the digital communication. The technologies used include Internet and electronic data interchange (EDI).

• E-mail - Electronic Mail. Messages sent from one address to another via a local area network (LAN) or the Internet. If the first, the data is sent only in the form of text, now with the e-mail may contain images, sound, and even video clips. An email address that represents a lot of email addresses at once called a mailing list. An email address username@host.domain usually have some sort of format, for example: myname@mydomain.com.

• FAQ - Frequently Asked Questions Shorthand or "frequently asked questions? . FAQ feature is one website that provides answers to a list of frequently asked questions relating to the service or use of the information presented by the website. Highly recommended read FAQ before you explore any further pages of a web, so you get a general idea of ​​the website.

• Firewall - A combination of hardware and software that separates a network into two or more parts for security reasons.

• FTP - File Transfer Protocol. Standard protocol for traffic activity files (upload or download) between two computers connected to the Internet network. Most FTP system requires to be accessed only by those who have a right to it with a certain login mengguinakan. Partly accessible to the public anonymously. FTP sites are called anonymous FTP.

• Gateway - In a technical sense, the term refers to the hardware and software settings that translate between two different protocols. More general sense of this term is a mechanism that provides access to a different system which is connected in a network.

• GPRS - General Packet Radio Service. One of the wireless communication standard (wireless). Compared with the protocol WAP, GPRS has advantages in speed that can reach 115 kbps and support broader applications, including graphics and multimedia applications.

• Home Page / Homepage - homepage of a website. Another notion is that in setting the default page for a web browser.

• Host - A computer in a network that provides services to other computers that are connected in the same network.

• HTML - Hypertext Markup Language, is a variant of SGML that is used to exchange documents via the HTTP protocol.

• HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol, a protocol designed to transfer HTML documents used in the World Wide Web.

• HTTPD - is viewed World Wide Web.

• IMAP - Internet Message Access Protocol. Protocol designed for accessing e-mail. Another commonly-used protocol is POP.

• Internet - A large number of networks that make up the inter-connection networks (Inter-connected network) are connected through TCP / IP. Internet is a continuation of ARPANet.dan probably the biggest WAN networks that exist today.

• Intranet - A private network with a hierarchical system and the same with the Internet but is not connected to the Internet network and only used internally in abundance.

• IP Address - The IP address (Internet Protocol), which is addressing in the network system which is represented by a series of numbers in the form of a combination of 4 rows of numbers between 0 s / d 255, each separated by a period (.), Ranging from 0.0.0.1 to 255,255 .255.255.

• ISDN - Integrated Services Digital Network. Basically, ISDN is a way to serve the data transfer at higher speeds over regular phone lines. ISDN allows data transfer speeds up to 128,000 bps (bits per second). Unlike DSL, ISDN can be connected with other locations such as telephone lines, all the locations are also connected to the ISDN network.

• ISP - Internet Service Provider. Designation for internet service providers.

• Leased Line - A telephone line or fiber optic cable that rented for use 24 hours a day to connect one location to another. High-speed internet typically use this channel.

• Login - identifier to access a closed system, consisting of a username (also called the login name) and passwords (passwords).

• Mailing List - It is also often termed as the mailing list, which is an email address that is used by a group of Internet users to engage in exchange of information. Any messages sent to a mailing address, it will automatically be forwarded to the email address of all members. Mailing lists are generally used as a means of discussion or exchange of information among its members.

• MIME - Multi-Purpose Internet Mail Extensions. Email extension that was created to facilitate the attachment file delivery via email.

• MTA - Mail Transport Agent. Software that works to deliver e-mail to the user. The program for reading e-mails known as MUA (Mail User Agent).

• Network - In the terminology of computers and the Internet, the network is a set of two or more computer systems are coupled and form a network. Internet is actually a network with a very large scale.

• NNTP - Network News Transfer Protocol. Protocol used to access or transfer articles posted in Usenet news. News reader program (news reader) use this protocol to access the news. NNTP protocol works on top of TCP / IP using port 119.

• Node - A single computer that is connected to a network.

• Packet Switching - A method used to move data in the Internet network. In packet switching, all the data packets sent from a node will be split into multiple parts. Each section has a description of the origin and destination of the packet data. This allows a large number of pieces of data from multiple sources simultaneously transmitted through the same channel, and then sorted and directed to different routes through the router.

• PERL - A programming language developed by Larry Wall is often used to implement CGI scripts on the World Wide Web. Implemented in a Perl language interpreter is available for various operating systems, including Windows, Unix to Macintosh.

• PHP - is short for HyperText Preprocessor, originally an acronym for Personal HomePage. PHP is a programming language that is usually written with HTML code. Unlike HTML which is sent directly to the browser, PHP parsing scripts used by the PHP binary in the server computer. HTML element is left but the PHP code is executed first and the results in an HTML form is sent to the user's browser. PHP code is able to run the database commands, create images, read and write files, as well as other capabilities that have no limits.

• POP - Post Office Protocol. Standard protocol used to retrieve or read e-mail from a server. POP protocol is the last and most popular use is POP3. Other protocols are also often used is IMAP. As for sending an email to an SMTP server to use.

• PPP - Point to Point Protocol. A TCP / IP protocol that is commonly used to connect a computer to the Internet through a phone line and modem.

• PSTN - Public Switched Telephone Network. Designation for a conventional phone line cables.

• RFC - Request For Comments. Designations for the results and the process for creating a standard on the Internet. A new standard was proposed and published on the internet as a Request For Comments. These proposals will then be reviewed by the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), a body that regulates standards on the internet. If the standards are applied, then it will remain known as RFCs with a reference number or specific name, for example, a standard format for email is RFC 822.

• Router - A computer or software package that is devoted to dealing with the connection between two or more networks are connected through packet switching. Router works by looking at the destination address and the source address of the packets of data that pass through it and decide the route to be used by the data packets to a destination.

• SDSL - Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line. One type of DSL that allows the transfer of data to the upstream and downstream runs at the same speed. SDSL generally work at a speed of 384 kbps (kilobits per second).

• SGML - Standard Generalized Markup Language. Popular name of the ISO Standard 8879 (1986) which is a standard ISO (International Organization for Standardization) to exchange documents electronically in the form of hypertext.

• SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol. Standard protocol used to transmit

• email to a server on the Internet. For the purposes of making an email, use the POP protocol.

• Spam - refers to the practice of sending commercial messages or advertisements to a large number of news groups or email that is actually not willing or are not interested in receiving such messages.

• TCP / IP - Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol. A set of standard protocols used to connect computer networks and put traffic in the network. This protocol set allowable data formats, error handling (error handling), message traffic, and other communications standards. TCP / IP must be able to work on all types of computers, without being influenced by differences in hardware and operating system used.

• Telnet - The software is designed to access a remote host with a text-based terminals, for example with VT100 emulation.

• UDP - User Datagram Protocol. One of the protocols for data transfer purposes that is part of the TCP / IP. Referring to the UDP data packets that do not provide information about their home address when a data packet is received.

• Upload - To transfer of data (a file) from a local computer connected to other computers in a network. The opposite of this activity is called downloading.

• Upstream - The term that refers to the speed of the flow of data from the local computer to other computers connected via a network. This term is the opposite of the downstream.

• URI - Uniform Resource Identifier. An address that points to a resource on the internet. URIs typically consist of a section called the scheme (scheme), which followed an address. URI format accessible to the scheme :/ / alamat.resource or scheme: alamat.resource. For example, resource URI address yahoo.com http://yahoo.com show that the scheme is via HTTP While HTTP is a scheme that is often used, but still available other schemes, such as telnet, FTP, News, and so on.

• URL - Uniform Resource Locator. This term is basically the same as the URI, but URI is more widely used term to replace the URL in technical specifications.

• Usenet - Usenet news, or also known as "net news" or "news" only, is a very large bulletin board and spread all over the world that can be used to exchange articles. Anyone can access the Usenet news with specific programs, which is usually called a newsreader. Access to a news server can be done using the NNTP protocol or by reading directly to the spool directory to the directory where the news article was (way past is rarely done).

• UUENCODE - Unix to Unix Encoding. A method for mengkonfersikan file in binary format to ASCII in order to be sent via email.

• VoIP - Voice over IP. VoIP is a mechanism to make phone calls (voice) conversation with the laying of the data over the Internet or Intranet (which uses IP technology).

• VPN - Virtual Private Network. This term refers to a network that some of them are connected to the Internet network, but the data traffic over the Internet from this network has undergone a process of encryption (scrambling).

• WAP - Wireless Application Protocol. Standard protocols for wireless applications (such as those used in cell phones). WAP is the result of collaboration between the industry to create an open standard (open standard). WAP is based on Internet standards, and some of the protocols that have been optimized for wireless environments. WAP works in text mode with a speed of about 9.6 kbps. Later also developed the GPRS protocol which has several advantages over WAP.

• Webmail - Facilities sending, receiving, or reading email via the web means.

• Wi-Fi - Wireless Fidelity. Is the industry standard for the wireless transmission of data (LAN) standard being developed by the IEEE 802.11 specification.

• World Wide Web - Often abbreviated as WWW or "web", namely a system whereby the information in the form of text, images, sounds, and others presented in the form of hypertext and can be accessed by software called a browser. Information on the web is generally written in HTML format. Other information presented in graphical form (in the format of GIF, JPG, PNG), voice (in AU format, WAV), and other multimedia objects (such as MIDI, Shockwave, Quicktime Movie, 3D World). WWW is run in a server called HTTPD.

• XML - Extensible Markup Language. Further development of the HTML format used in the World Wide Web. XML has a number of advantages over HTML, including more structured documents, allowing manipulation of data display without having to deal with the webserver, and the exchange of data between documents.

Modem (Modulator Demodulator)

 

Eksternal Modem 

Modem  (Modulator Demodulator) comes from. Modulator is the part that converts the signal information into the carrier signal (carrier) and ready to be delivered, while the demodulator is the part that separates signaling information (that contain data or messages) of the received carrier signal so that the information can be received well. Modem is a combination of both, meaning that the modem is a two-way communication tool. Each remote communication devices generally use a two-way section called "modem", such as VSAT, Microwave Radio, and so forth, but generally the term is better known as the modem hardware that is often used for communication on the computer.

Data from the computer in the form of digital signals given to the modem to be converted into an analog signal, when the modem receives data from the outside in the form of an analog signal, turn the modem back into a digital signal that can be further processed by a computer. Analog signals can be transmitted through multiple media such as telephone and radio telecommunications.

Upon arrival at the destination modem, analog signals are converted into digital signals and transmitted back to the computer. There are two types of modems are physical, ie an external modem and an internal modem.

 

Internal Modem

Kind Of Modem (ModulatorDemodulator)

There are 6 Type Modem we are Recognize it  is :

1. ISDN modem
2. GSM modem
3. Analog modem is a modem that makes analog signals into digital signals
4. ADSL modem

• Modem ADSL technology (Asymetric Digital Subscribe Line) which allows surfing the internet and using analog phones simultaneously. It's easy, for ADSL is given a device called a splitter or divider line. Splitter position when placed in front of the incoming phone line. That is, not recommended for forking line to ADSL modem with voice directly. Splitter tool is useful to remove nuisance when using the ADSL modem. With Splitter both can run simultaneously, so that users can answer and someone with a regular phone call. On the other hand, users can still connect to the Internet via the ADSL modem.

    5. Cable modem is a modem that receives data directly from the service provider through cable TV

    6. CDMA modem

• CDMA modem is a modem that uses a frequency of 800 MHz CDMA or CDMA 1x. And most recently using frequency-EVDO Rev A (3G equivalent) and the latest technology is CDMA EVDO Rev-B.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

 

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), is a sequence of characters according to a certain standard format, which is used to indicate the address of a source such as documents and images on the Internet.
URL is an innovative foundation for the development of Internet history.  URL was first coined by Tim Berners-Lee in 1991 so that writers can refer to the documents link to Waring Wera Wanua or the World Wide Web. Since 1994, the concept has been developed into the term URL Uniform Resource Identifier (URI) is a more general nature. However, the term URL is still being used.

Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

Indicated resource URL or Internet address of a web page (homepage) the page of a document or program you want to display or use. Generally need to enter three pieces of information to go to a certain address, is :

•      Protocol,

•      Server address,

•      File Path.

Section shows pertaman URL protocol such as http:// or https://. Mutual agreement protocol is used to communicate with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol. The second part shows the URL address of the server where the resource is located, for example www.microsoft.com Microsoft Corporation website. The third part is the URL that indicates the location of the file path and name of the document or program on the server, for example: kb/deskapp/word/q1974.html. where kb / deskapp / word / is the location of the file is the file name and q1974.html.

URL Type

There are two types of URLs that can be used, is :

• Absolute URL (URL Absolut), is a complete tool which includes a domain on the network right, in the domain directory, and the files in the directory.

• Relative URL (URL Relative), specify a URL based on the current address at the time.

The following is the syntax and type URL: service :/ / host: port / path / filename.extension (Absolute)

While the use of the URL with the tag are as follows:

     Absolute: <img src="http://www.facebook.com/Arhy/Image.gif">
     Relative: <img src="peta.gif">

Attack In The URL

URL is a mechanism to identify the sources on the web, SSL, or FTP server, including application layer protocol that made ​​the request (request) to the web server as an example URL http://www.coba.com/images/hardware/pda. html. The URL can be explained per section. Pda.html file is being requested by the HTTP protocol from a server named www.coba.com. Pda.html location within the site area is in the directory / images / hardware.
Another such example :

https://www.coba.com/order/buy.asp?itemA003&pmt=visa

Likely above URLs can be exploited hackers (hackers). The first allegation could be drawn from the name of the source, buy.asp. Extension. Asp indicates that this file is ASP. ASP files run exclusively on Microsoft's web server, the IIS. Thus likely www.coba.com runs on Windows NT/2000/XP.

Of its parameters, can be found again some clues. The first parameter, item = A003, indicating that the item being purchased is to get the item code and item details are stored in the database definitely / database.

About Web Site In ICT

About Web Site In ICT, web site is a web page that has interrelated topics, sometimes accompanied by the image files, video, or other file types. A web site is usually placed at least on a web server that can be accessed over a network such as the internet, or a local area network (LAN) via the internet addresses that are recognized as the URL. Combined over all publicly accessible sites on the internet also referred to as Waring Wera Wanua or better known by the acronym WWW. Although at least the general internet site's home page can be freely accessible to the public, in practice not all sites provide freedom for the public to access, some web sites require visitors to register as members, or even ask for the payment may be aggota to be able to access the contents contained available on the website, for example, the websites featuring pornography, news websites, e-mail services (e-mail), and others. These restrictions generally done for reasons of security, respect for privacy, or for certain commercial purposes.

A web page is a file that is written as a plain text file (plain text) are arranged and combined in such a way with HTML-based instructions, or XHTML, is sometimes also inserted with a bit of scripting languages​​. The file is then translated by a web browser and displayed like a page on a computer monitor.

The web pages are accessed by users via a network communications protocol called HTTP, in addition to improving the safety and privacy aspects better, the website can also implement a mechanism of accessing through HTTPS protocol.

The History About web Site

Inventors website was Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee, while the web site that is connected to the network first emerged in 1991. The purpose of the team when designing a website is to facilitate the exchange and update information on a fellow researcher at the place he worked. On 30 April 1993, CERN (the place where Tim worked) announces that the WWW can be used for free by the public.

A website may be the work of an individual or individuals, or shows ownership of an organization, company. usually discussed in a website or some reference to a specific topic, or a particular interest. A web site may contain links that connect to other web sites, demkian well as other websites. This sometimes makes the difference between a website made by an individual or individuals with a website created by a business organization is not so clear.

Web sites are usually placed on a web server. A web server generally has been equipped with a device-specific software to handle the domain name settings, as well as the service handles the HTTP protocol called HTTP server such as Apache HTTP Server or Internet Information Services (IIS).

In The web site there are Static Web site and dynamic Web site

Static website is a website that has content is not intended to be updated periodically so that the settings or update the content on the website is done manually. There are three types of devices commonly used utilities in setting a static website:

• The text editor is a utility tool used for editing the web page, for example: Notepad or Edit text.

• WYSIWYG editor, is a software utility web page editor that comes with a graphical user interface in the design and pendisainannya, file web page lengsung generally not edited by the user but this utility will create it automatically based on work pages created by users. This software eg Microsoft Frontpage,  Macromedia Dreamweaver.

• Template based editors, such as Rapidweaver some utilities and Web, users can easily create a website without having to know HTML language, but to edit web pages like a regular page, the user can select the template that will be used by the utility to edit files created users and make web page automatically.

Dynamic websites is websites that are specifically designed so that the content contained in the website can be updated periodically with ease. As the name implies, the content contained within this web site will generally be changed after passing through a specified period. The news is just one example of the type of site that generally implements a dynamic web site.

Unlike static websites, dynamic websites implementation generally requires the presence of infrastructure is more complex than a static website. This is because the dynamic web sites are generally new web page will be created when there are users who access it, unlike a static website that generally has established a number of web pages when uploaded on the web server so that when users access the web server just give the page without the need made first.

To enable the web server when creating web pages users access, generally on a web server equipped with machine language translation scripts (PHP, ASP, ColdFusion, or other), as well as software such as relational database management system MySQL.

The file structure of a dynamic web site is generally different from the static web site, the files for static websites is generally a set of files that make up a website. Unlike the case with dynamic web sites, files for dynamic web site is generally a set of files that make up the web application software that will be executed by the web server machine translator, serves as managing web pages making the page requested by the user.

Hypertxt Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is an application layer network protocols used for distributed information systems, collaborative, and using hypermedia. Its use in making a lot of resources that are connected by links, called hypertext documents, which later formed the World Wide Web in 1990 by British physicist, Tim Berners-Lee. Up to now, there are two major versions of the HTTP protocol, ie HTTP/1.0 which uses a separate connection for each document, and HTTP/1.1 that can use the same connection to perform the transaction. Thus, HTTP/1.1 can be much faster because it does not have to waste time making repeated connections.

HTTP standards development has been carried out by the World Wide Web Consortium (World Wide Web Consortium/W3C) and Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), which led to the publication of several documents Request for Comments (RFC), and is the most widely referenced RFC 2616 ( published in June 1999), which defines HTTP/1.1.

Support for HTTP/1.1 is not passed, at which time the RFC 2068, it was quickly adopted by many Web developers explorers beginning in 1996. As of March 1996, which has not been ratified HTTP/1.1 was supported by Netscape 2.0, Netscape Navigator Gold 2:01, Mosaic 2.7, Lynx 2.5, and in Microsoft Internet Explorer 3.0. Adoption by end users was also fast Web browser. In March 2006, one web hosting company reported that over 40% of Web browser used on the Internet is a web browser that supports HTTP/1.1. [1] The same company also reported that as of June 1996, 65% of all the explorers who access their servers is a Web browser that supports HTTP/1.1. HTTP/1.1 standard as defined in RFC 2068 was officially released in January 1997. Improvement and renewal of the HTTP/1.1 standard RFC 2616 document released by June 1999.

HTTP protocol is a request / reply between the client and the server. An HTTP client (like a web browser or robots, etc.), usually start with a request to make connections to a specific port on a specific Webhosting server (usually port 80). Client sends an HTTP request is also known by the user agent. The server to respond, which saves resources such as HTML files and images, also known as the origin server. In between the user agent and the origin server, there may be a link, as a proxy, gateway, and tunnel.

HTTP is not limited to use with TCP / IP, although HTTP is one application protocol TCP / IP the most popular over the Internet. Indeed HTTP can be implemented on top of the other protocols in the Internet or over other networks. as mentioned in the "implemented a on top of any other protocol on the Internet, or on other networks.", but the HTTP protocol requires a reliable transport layer. Other protocols that provide services and security as it can also be used.

Request Metode For HTTP

Nine sets HTTP method (sometimes referred to as "verbs") indicating the action you want performed on unidentified sources. It is represented by this source, in the form of existing data or data that is created dynamically, depending on the implementation of the waiter. This source is usually associated with the file or the output from executing files residing on server.

HEAD
     Asking for responses that are identical to the corresponding responses to the GET request, but without the response body. This is useful for accessing meta information is written in response to the head without the need to transport the entire content.
GET
     Requested certain representations sources. Requests using GET (and a few other HTTP methods) "should not have the benefit of taking action in addition to accessing". W3C has published a guide to the principles of this difference by saying, "Web application design should comply with the principles above, and similar restrictions".
POST
     Transmit the data to be processed (eg, from an HTML form) to the identified resource. The data included in the request body. This can result in the formation of a new source or update an existing source or both.
PUT
     Uploading a particular source of representations.
DELETE
     Remove a specific source.
TRACE
     Echo back the received request, so that the client can see the changes or additions made by the waiter intermediaries.
OPTIONS
     Returns the HTTP methods supported waiter for a particular URL. This can be used to check the functionality of the web waiter asks  rather than a specific source functionality.
CONNECT
     Exchange tunnel connection requests with TCP / IP transparent, usually to facilitate SSL-encrypted communication (HTTPS) through an HTTP proxy is not encrypted.
PATCH
     Apply partial modifications to the source.

HTTP waiter asked to implement at least the GET and HEAD methods and, if possible, the methods OPTIONS.

Interconnected Networking (Internet)

Internet (interconnection-networking) is all Global system interconnected computer networks that use the global system standard Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol Suite (TCP / IP) as the packet exchange protocol (packet switching communication protocol) to serve billions of users in world around .in the biggest interconnected nerworking (internet) called the Internet. How to connect a series with this rule is called internetworking ("between networks").

The History Of Interconneted Networking

The Internet is a computer network established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1969, through a project called ARPANET ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), where they demonstrated how the hardware and software are UNIX-based computers, we can make communication within the infinity through the telephone line. ARPANET project designing a network, reliability, how much information can be transferred, and finally all the standards that they set into the embryo development of new protocols that are now known as TCP / IP (Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol).

The initial goal of the project is built for military purposes. At that time the United States Department of Defense (U.S. Department of Defense) create a system of distributed computer network by connecting the computer in areas vital to tackle the problem in case of a nuclear attack and to avoid centralized information, which in the event of war can easily be destroyed.

At first ARPANET only 4 sites linking only the Stanford Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, University of Utah, where they form an integrated network in 1969, and in general the ARPANET was introduced in October 1972. Not long after the project is growing rapidly across the region, and all universities in the country wants to join, thus making it difficult to set the ARPANET.

Therefore ARPANET split widened two, namely "MILNET" for military purposes and the "ARPANET" new smaller for non-military purposes, such as universities. Combined both networks eventually known as the DARPA Internet, which then reduces to the Internet.

Interconnected Networking at This time

Inteconnected networking maintained by bilateral or multilateral agreements and technical specifications (protocol which describes the data transfer between the circuit). These protocols established by the Internet Engineering Task Force discussions (IETF), which is open to the public. The agency issued the documents that are recognized as RFC (Request for Comments). Some RFCs are Internet standards (Internet Standard), by the Internet Architecture Board (Internet Architecture Board - IAB). Internet protocols are commonly used are IP, TCP, UDP, DNS, PPP, SLIP, ICMP, POP3, IMAP, SMTP, HTTP, HTTPS, SSH, Telnet, FTP, LDAP, and SSL.

Some popular services on the Internet using the above protocol, is an email / electronic mail, Usenet, Newsgroups, share files (File Sharing), WWW (World Wide Web), Gopher, session access (Session Access), WAIS, finger, IRC, MUD and MUSH. Among all of these, email / electronic mail and the World Wide Web is more often used, and many other services are built upon them, such a mailing list (Mailing List) and Weblog. Internet allows the current service (Real-time service), such as web radio, and webcast, which can be accessed around the world. Also through the Internet it is possible to communicate directly between two or more users through instant messenger programs such as Camfrog, Pidgin (Gaim), Trilian, Kopete, Yahoo! Messenger, MSN Messenger Windows Live Messenger, Twitter, Facebook and so forth.

Interconnected Culture

A large number of Internet users and growing, has embodied the Internet culture. Internet also has a great influence on science, and world view. With only to take search engines like Google, users worldwide have easy Internet access on a variety of information. Compared with books and libraries, the Internet represents a (Decentralization) / knowledge (knowledge) and data information to extremes.

Development of the Internet has also influenced economic development. Various sale and purchase transactions that previously could only be done by face-to-face (and some very small by mail or telephone), is now extremely easy and often done via the Internet. Transactions over the Internet is known as e-commerce.

Associated with the government, the Internet also fueled the growth of government transparency through the implementation of e-government as Sragen which was successfully deliver increased local revenue by leveraging the Internet for transparency in the management of public funds and cuts through the red tape, so that the residents in the area on the stretcher so profitable as the civil servants can also be improved kesejahterannya because revenue local increased sharply.

Defenition of World Wide Web (WWW)

World Wide Web, commonly abbreviated as WWW is a more famous an information space that is used by global identifiers called Uniform Resource Identifiers for resources useful to know for sure. WWW is often considered to be the same as the Internet as a whole, even though it is just a part rather than the Internet.

WWW is a collection of web servant from around the world that have utility to provide data and information to be used together. WWW is the most exciting part of the Internet. Through the web, users can access information that is not only a text but can also include images, sound, video and animation.

This usefulness is still relatively new compared to electronic mail, WWW actually a collection of documents stored on server web, and that peladennya on five continents including Indonesia, which is connected to the network via the Internet. The documents of this information is stored or created by format HTML (Hypertext Markup Language).

One page of the document consists of text information can be interlinked with other text or even to other documents. The linkage through pages of text is called link. This information document is not only composed of text, but can also include images, sounds and even contains a video clip. inter-linkages such documents called hypermedia.

So it can be concluded that the WWW is a group of multimedia documents that are interlocked by using a hypertext link. By clicking a link (hyperlink), then the user can move from one document to another document.

Information And Communication Technologies Of History

Information And Communication Technologies Of History

There are a few milestones of technological development significantly contribute to the development of ICT Untill now. First, the findings of telephone by Alexander Graham Bell in 1875. The findings are then developed into communication with the wired network provision covering the entire continent of America, even then followed by the installation of transatlantic communications cable.  

The telephone network is a massive infrastructure built first humans to global communication. Entering the 20th century, precisely between the years 1910 to 1920, realized a wireless voice transmission through the first AM radio broadcasts. Wireless voice communications is growing rapidly too soon. Then followed by an audio-visual transmission without wires, in the form of television broadcasts in the 1940s. The first operational electronic computer in 1943. Then followed by a stage of miniaturization of electronic components through the invention of the transistor in 1947 and the integrated circuit (integrated electronics) in 1957. The development of electronic technology, which is the forerunner of the current ICT, get golden moments in the Cold War era. Science and technology competition between the Western bloc (United States) and Eastern Bloc (former Soviet Union) actually spur the development of electronic technology through the efforts of miniaturization of electronic circuits for controlling spacecraft and the machines of war. Miniaturization of electronic components, through the creation of an integrated circuit, the microprocessor birth peak. Microprocessor that is the 'brain' of the computer hardware and continues to evolve to this day. Telecommunications equipment rapidly expanding digital technology replaces analog technology into use. Analog technology begun to show the limits of the maximum pengeksplorasiannya. Digitalization of telecommunications equipment and then converging with computer equipment from the beginning is a device which adopt digital technology. This convergence products that currently appear in the form of mobile phones. In the telecommunications and computing infrastructure is the content of the content (content) in the form of multimedia to get the right place to thrive. Convergence of telecommunications - is multimedia computing that characterizes the 21st century, as the 18th century is characterized by the industrial revolution. When the industrial revolution made the machines instead of 'muscle' man, the digital revolution (due to the convergence of telecommunications - multimedia computing occurs through the implementation of digital technology) creates machines that replace (or at least improve) the 'brains' man.

Defenition of Information And Communication Technologies (ICT)

Information and communication Technologies (ITC) is a big umbrella term that covers all the technical equipment to process and communicate information. ICT covers two aspects of information technology and communication technology. Information technology encompasses all matters relating to the processing, use as a tool, manipulation, and management of information. While communication technology is everything associated with the use of tools to process and transfer data from one device to another. Therefore, the information technology and communication technology are two inseparable concepts. So the Information and Communication Technology contains the broadest sense any activity related to the processing, manipulation, management, transfer of information among media. The term ICT emerged after the combination of computer technology (both hardware and software) and communications technology in the mid-20th century. The combination of both technologies are rapidly evolving beyond other technology areas. Until the beginning of the 21st century ICT continue to experience a variety of changes and have not seen the point of saturation.

ITC definition according to the experts

• Haag & Keen, 1996, Information and Communication Thencnologies  is a set of tools in that to help you work with information and perform tasks related to information processing.
• Martin, 1999, Information technology is not just limited to computer technology (software and hardware) used to process or store information, but also includes communication technology to transmit information.
• Oxford dictionary, 1995, Information technology is the study or electronic equipment, especially computers, to store, analyze, and distribute any information, including words, numbers, and pictures.
• Lucas, 2000, Information technology is any technology that is applied to process and transmit information in form electronic. 
• William & Sawyer, 2003, Information technology is a technology that combines computing (computers) with a high-speed communication lines that carry data, voice, and video.